Global health experts spotlight FLAMES warning signs as delayed diagnosis continues to drive death and lifelong disability ahead of World Encephalitis Day 2026
Early recognition is emerging as the front line in the fight against encephalitis, as global health experts highlight the urgent need to identify warning signs sooner to prevent death and lifelong neurological disability ahead of World Encephalitis Day on 22 February.
In neurological emergencies, minutes shape survival, recovery, and long-term quality of life. This reality defines encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain where early symptoms often resemble common illness, yet delayed recognition leads to severe disability or death.
As World Encephalitis Day approaches, Encephalitis International is drawing attention to the critical gap between first symptoms and accurate diagnosis. To help close this gap, the organization is introducing FLAMES, a structured recall tool designed to support earlier recognition in both clinical settings and everyday community awareness.
FLAMES highlights six urgent warning signs: flu-like symptoms, loss of consciousness, acute headache, memory problems, emotional or behavioral changes, and seizures. These symptoms appear across infectious and autoimmune encephalitis and signal the need for immediate medical attention.
“Encephalitis progresses quickly, yet awareness remains dangerously low,” said Dr. Ava Easton, Chief Executive of Encephalitis International. “When warning signs are missed, diagnosis is delayed, and the risk of death or lifelong disability rises. Early recognition remains one of the most effective ways to protect brain health and save lives.”
A growing but under-recognized global threat
Encephalitis affects three people every minute globally, yet almost eight in ten adults remain unaware of the condition, contributing to delays in diagnosis and poorer patient outcomes.
The World Health Organization has recognized encephalitis as a leading cause of neurological health loss in children under five and a growing public health priority across all age groups. Although relatively rare in incidence, encephalitis carries a disproportionately high disease burden due to severe acquired brain injury and long-term disability when diagnosis or treatment is delayed.
In many countries, encephalitis incidence exceeds that of motor neurone disease, bacterial meningitis, and multiple sclerosis. Anyone can be affected regardless of age, location, sex, or ethnicity, and survivors often experience life-changing cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical challenges that disrupt education, work, family, and community life.
Why this matters in the Philippines
In low-to-middle-income settings such as the Philippines, the encephalitis burden is intensified by limited neurological services, long travel distances to treatment centers, and restricted access to essential medicines. Families frequently face prolonged caregiving, financial strain, and lifelong disability support needs for survivors.
Local studies show that prior to routine immunization, Japanese encephalitis exposure increased with age, reaching 65.7 percent among adolescents. Case fatality reached up to 21.1 percent, while neurological complications affected as many as 81.8 percent of survivors. National surveillance recorded at least 0.7 Japanese encephalitis cases per 100,000 children, with seasonal peaks during the rainy months and a higher burden in northern regions.
Emerging evidence also indicates increasing autoimmune encephalitis among children in Philippines hospital settings, reflecting evolving neurological risk.
Recent regional monitoring linked to Nipah virus, a zoonotic infection known to cause severe encephalitis, has heightened public health attention across Asia. While no confirmed Philippine outbreak exists, the situation underscores the importance of surveillance readiness, rapid symptom recognition, and informed public awareness.
“From a clinical perspective, timing changes outcomes,” said Ferron F. Ocampo, M.D., FPNA, specialist in Adult Neurology and Neuroinfectious Diseases. “When encephalitis is recognized early, treatment begins sooner and the chances of recovery improve. Delays often lead to preventable complications, long-term disability, or death. Strengthening symptom awareness in communities and among frontline providers is essential.”
From awareness to urgent action
Health experts are urging the general public and non-specialist acute medical providers to engage with the FLAMES acronym and recognize warning signs that could indicate encephalitis, a step that may save lives through earlier treatment.
Communities are encouraged to participate in World Encephalitis Day by learning the warning signs, sharing awareness messages, and supporting global efforts to reduce death and disability from encephalitis.
Encephalitis International leads World Encephalitis Day on 22 February each year and urges people to wear red, take photos or videos, and share them on social media using #Red4WED and #WorldEncephalitisDay to raise global awareness. A World Encephalitis Day Appeal launched today, bringing the FLAMES symptoms to life through a series of case study videos (www.encephalitis.info/wed-appeal) and aiming to raise £50,000, $61,000, or €60,000 by 22 February in support of a world without death and disability from encephalitis.
World Encephalitis Day 2026 reinforces a clear message: Encephalitis is time-critical. Earlier recognition supports faster diagnosis, earlier treatment, and improved survival and recovery.
“FLAMES gives the public a clear signal of when to act,” Dr. Easton added. “Knowing the signs can mean the difference between recovery and lifelong impact. No family should lose a loved one because encephalitis was missed.”
Because when the brain is in FLAMES, every minute counts.
